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About the Journal
Former journal titles：Foreign Uranium Geology；Overseas Uranium and Gold Geology；Foreign Radioactive Geology
Sponsor：Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology
Publication frequency：Bimonthly
ISSN: 1672-0636
CN: 11-4914/TL
Place of Publication: Beijing, China
Language: Chinese
Format: Large 16K (A4)
Postal Subscription Code: 82-407
Year of Inception: 1962
Study on the metallogenic environment and regional metallogenic regularities of sandstone-type uranium deposits in the China-Mongolia border and adjacent areas
LIU Chiheng;CAI Yuqi;LIU Wusheng;LIU Zhengguo;REN Hong;ZHANG Yunlong;SUN Xiang;YANG Ze;SONG Jiye;JIA Licheng;National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resources Exploration-Mining and Nuclear Remote Sensing;Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology;The China-Mongolia border and adjacent areas host a series of Late Mesozoic rift basins that constitute an important sandstone-type uranium province in Central Asia. To clarify the uneven distribution of uranium deposits, the differences in ore-bearing horizons, and the regional metallogenic controls, this study compares the Yin-Ejin,Erlian,East Gobi,and Hailar-Tamtsag basins within a unified cross-border tectonic framework. Seismic profiles, tectono-stratigraphic correlations, basement attributes, sedimentary systems,paleoclimate records,and representative deposits are integrated. The results show that these basins formed in a wide rift system related to post-orogenic lithospheric extension, thinning, and gravitational collapse, and generally experienced syn-rift fault-depression subsidence followed by post-rift sag subsidence. Ancient basement rocks and uranium-rich magmatic rocks provided the principal "infiltrationtype" uranium sources, while uranium-rich dark mudstones and source rocks in faulted lacustrine basins could also serve as "exudative" uranium sources. Sandstone-type uranium deposits can be divided into faultdepression and sag types. The former is controlled by proximal uranium sources,boundary faults,basement paleochannels, and fan-delta sand bodies, and the scale of mineralization is constrained by structural segmentation of the fault depressions. The latter is jointly controlled by regionally extensive longitudinal fluvial channel-deltaic sand bodies, stable oxidizing fluids, and exudative uranium sources from deep fault depressions,and represents the principal setting for the formation of large to super-large deposits. The end of Early Cretaceous climatic shift from relatively humid to semi-arid or arid conditions promoted uranium leaching, reducing-media formation, and oxidized uranium-bearing groundwater circulation. This study indicates that the spatiotemporal coupling of fault-depression-sag structural transformation, sand-body connectivity, climatic transition, uranium-source effectiveness, and preservation conditions is the key control on large-scale sandstone-type uranium enrichment in the China-Mongolia border region and adjacent areas.
Geological characteristics and metallogenic ages of uranium mineralization in Huanghuagou area,northern Junggar basin
ZHU Bin;WU Yu;ZHONG Jun;CHEN Hong;MAO Guangzhen;YANG Yanbo;National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resources Exploration-Mining and Nuclear Remote sensing;Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology;Three types of uranium mineralization have been identified in sandstones of the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu group in the Huanghuagou area, northern Junggar basin: apatite-type, infiltration-type, and supergene-type. Detailed petrological, mineralogical, geochemical, and geochronological studies on these three types of uranium ore samples yield the following insights: 1) In the apatite-type uranium ores, no independent uranium minerals are developed; uranium occurs as an isomorphous substitution in microcrystalline apatite, which exists as cement. A whole-rock U-Pb isochron age of 76.5±6.6 Ma was obtained, indicating that the mineralization occurred during the sedimentary hiatus between the Upper Cretaceous Honglishan formation and the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu group. 2) In the “infiltration-type”uranium ores, coffinite is the main uranium mineral, spatially closely associated with plant fragments and pyrite. Uranium mineralization is located at the redox transition zone. U-Th-Pb chemical dating of uranium minerals yields an age of 11.5 Ma, suggesting that the “infiltration” uranium mineralization took place during the sedimentary hiatus between the Neogene Suosuoquan formation and the Paleogene Ulunguhe formation. 3) The supergene-type uranium ores are the oxidized surface remnants of the “infiltration-type” uranium ores, in which uranium occurs as secondary uranium minerals(carnotite, tyuyamunite, and metatyuyamunite). Lead contents in these uranium minerals are below the detection limit, indicating that the supergene alteration occurred during the Quaternary. Based on the characteristics of the three uranium mineralization types, it is concluded that future uranium exploration in the Huanghuagou area should focus primarily on the “infiltration-type” uranium deposits.
Sedimentary characteristics and uranium metallogenesis of the lower member of Atushi formation in Wupaer segment of Kashi sag,Tarim basin
SUN Fei;WANG Shouyu;YANG Wenlong;LYU Junwei;LI Zhenhuan;YUAN Zhong;LIU Nian;The lower member of the Upper Series Artux formation in the Wupaer area, Kashgar sag, Tarim basin, serves as the main host horizon for sandstone-type uranium deposits. Investigating its sedimentary characteristics and uranium mineralization is of great significance for guiding uranium exploration in this region. Based on comprehensive analysis of field reconnaissance, core observation, and borehole data, a series of maps including isopach maps of the lower Artux formation and sand body thickness were compiled. Combined with oxidation and mineralization information revealed by boreholes and surface outcrops, the sedimentary facies and mineralization processes of the lower Artux formation were systematically analyzed.The results indicate that the sandstones in the lower Artux formation of the Wupaer area are mainly fine-to medium-grained feldspathic sandstone and feldspathic lithic sandstone. The ore-bearing host rocks contain carnotite, phosgenite, and pyrite. The study area is primarily characterized by alluvial fan and deltaic deposits. The alluvial fan facies can be subdivided into middle fan and inner fan subfacies,while the deltaic facies can be subdivided into microfacies such as deltaic plain distributary channels, deltaic plain interdistributary depressions, deltaic front subaqueous distributary channels, and deltaic front interdistributary bays. The facies transition zones between the deltaic plain distributary channels and the deltaic front subaqueous distributary channels are favorable for uranium mineralization. The uranium mineralization is evidently controlled by the interlayer oxidation zone and regional tectonics. It generally experienced stages of initial uranium enrichment, phreatic-to-interlayer oxidation transition, continuous development of the interlayer oxidation zone and uranium mineralization, and differential development. The area extending from the west of Tashdalan to Yoder, Xianazar, and southeast of Biaoerkuoyi village on the north limb of the syncline in the study area is a favorable zone for uranium mineralization, and can serve as a key target area for the next phase of sandstone-type uranium exploration in the Artux formation.
Comprehensive analysis of sandstone-type uranium metallogenic conditions in the eastern depression of the Yemajing area,northern Jinta basin
ZHANG Zilong;WANG Fenggang;ZHOU Junjie;WU Guodong;LIU Xu;WANG Jibin;HE Feng;WU Qun;ZHNG Yan;TANG Ailin;National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resources Exploration-mining and Nuclear Remote Sensing;Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology;The eastern sag in the Yemajing area of northern Jinta basin is a typical intermontane depression,where the uranium geological research is currently limited. To explore the uranium mineralization potential of small depressions surrounding uranium-rich pluton, this study systematically analyzed the sandstone-type uranium metallogenic conditions in this area using comprehensive techniques including geological profile surveying, ground gamma spectrometry, electromagnetic survey, areal soil radon gas measurement, trace element analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that uranium-rich Carboniferous monzogranites(surface grab samples uranium content up to 102×10-6) are widely exposed around the depression, and the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou formation itself exhibits pre-enrichment uranium characteristics,indicating superior uranium source conditions. The depression as a whole exhibits a synclinal structure developed within a “U”-shaped catchment configuration. The Xiagou formation has a “mudsand-mud” sequence, with vertical sandstone thickness generally ranging from 40 to 260 m, and the epigenetic alterations are dominated by phreatic oxidation and surface leaching. The surface radioactivity is high(average uranium content of sandstone 91.9×10-6,maximum 217×10-6),and the soil radon anomaly is of extensive area. Uranium and associated minerals such as pitchblende, anatase, and thorianite can be identified in surface ores. The above findings confirm that this depression has favorable uranium metallogenic conditions, with the mineralization type being sedimentary-diagenetic plus phreatic oxidation(basal paleochannel type), but the mineralization scale may be limited. This research provide a reference for sandstone-type uranium exploration in similar small basins(depression zones) in northwestern China.
Metallogenic characteristics and mineralization of uranium deposits in Huanglongpu area of Luonan,north Qinling metallogenic belt
LIAN Kang;WANG Tian;FENG Wei;The Huanglongpu region is located at the convergence of the northeast-trending molybdenum-leadzinc-copper metallogenic belt within the North Qinling orogenic belt and the northwest-trending uraniumniobium-REE-rare metal metallogenic belt. It hosts notable uranium and polymetallic mineralization. This paper systematically summarized the uranium metallogenic structure, orebody characteristics and ore characteristics, and discussed the geochemical characteristics and alteration zoning of uranium deposits in the Huanglongpu area. Uranium deposits primarily formed during the post-collision extensional and tensile phase of the Qinling orogeny, controlled by NW and NE-trending faults. The main host rocks are NEoriented K-feldspar-bearing quartz-carbonate veins,with subordinate NW-oriented counterparts. NW faultrelated mineralization predominantly occurs as vein or stratiform bodies, while NE faults produce more complex, lensoid or disseminated mineralization. The carbonate veins are enriched in incompatible elements such as U, Sr,Ba,and REEs,exhibiting a right-leaning REE distribution with light REE enrichment. In the pre-mineralization stage, K-feldspathization and biotitization were developed; the main mineralization stage was characterized by silicification and pyritization; the post-mineralization stage developed sericitization, chloritization, carbonatization, kaolinization and limonitization. The alteration exhibits distinct horizontal and vertical zonation, consisting of an inner zone(intense alteration zone), middle zone(transition zone) and outer zone(weak alteration zone).
Prospecting models and exploration breakthroughs for Cenozoic sandstone-type uranium deposits in the Qaidam basin
HE Feng;NIU Ting;CHEN Yunjie;CAI Yuqi;ZHAO Xingqi;TIAN Mingming;ZHOU Baojun;ZHONG Ling;LI Zhaoxin;To clarify the primary-secondary relationship between infiltration and exudation processes and their prospecting significance in different tectonic units of the Qaidam basin，this paper analyzes uranium metallogenic conditions of various tectonic units in the Qaidam basin by integrating basin tectonic-sedimentary evolution，uranium-source conditions，ore-hosting sand bodies，epigenetic alteration，multi-source anomalies and drilling data. Typical uranium mineralization characteristics of Qigequan in western Qaidam are dissected，and a prospecting model for Cenozoic uranium deposits is established. The results show that uranium-rich bedrocks and sedimentary rocks on the basin margin，together with Carboniferous-Jurassic uranium-bearing hydrocarbon source rocks inside the basin，constitute an allogenic-deep-source dual uranium-supply system. Highly-permeable sand bodies of Neogene fan-delta and braided-river delta，as well as stable mud-sand-mud assemblages，provide favorable spaces for migration，superposition and uranium precipitation of diverse ore-forming fluids. According to dominant metallogenic processes and fluid-superposition relationships，two types of Cenozoic uranium-deposit prospecting models are established. The first is the “infiltration-dominated with superimposed exudation” type represented by slope belts on the southern and northern basin margins. Oxygen- and uranium-bearing groundwater infiltrates along sand-body interlayers to form redox transition zones，serving as the major uranium-metallogenic process，whereas exudation of deep-seated fluids exerts secondary superimposition on local mineralization. The second is the “exudation-dominated with superimposed late-stage infiltration type represented by central basin fault-uplift belts”. Deep-seated fluids rise and exude along faults to form early-stage uranium enrichment，and later interlayer infiltration overprints and reconstructs mineralization. The second model has been applied to the Oulongbuluke and Deke fault-uplift belts in eastern Qaidam，where industrial uranium boreholes have been discovered and two prospecting target areas delineated in the Wanggaxiu and Deke regions. This study holds that both infiltration and exudation can participate in mineralization for the two models. Their essential differences lie in dominant metallogenic processes，fluid migration pathways and superposition time sequences. The findings can support differentiated uranium prospecting for varied tectonic units across the Qaidam basin.
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Cycle-scale sedimentary microfacies architecture and its control on uranium mineralization in the central ore belt， Shihongtan uranium deposit， Turpan-Hami basin， NW China
XIE Xiliang;DING Bo;REN Huaping;YANG Fan;WANG Gang;LUO Sensen;PEI Liuning;The Turpan-Hami basin is an important uranium-producing basin in northwestern China， where uranium mineralization in the Shihongtan uranium deposit is obviously controlled by sedimentary microfacies and sandbody architecture. However， the ore-controlling mechanisms of delta-front subfacies and their internal sedimentary microfacies remain poorly understood. This study focuses on the J2x2-2 lithologic subunit， the principal ore-bearing interval in the central ore zone， and systematically investigates its depositional cycles， sedimentary microfacies， and spatial distribution， together with the characteristics of redox zonation and uranium mineralization. The results show that the J2x2-2 lithologic subunit can be divided into three depositional cycles (Ⅰ-Ⅲ)， dominated by distributary channels， interdistributary bays， and mouth bars. At the scale of individual cycles， the depositional architecture is characterized by vertical stacking and lateral compartmentalization of multiple generations of subaqueous distributary channels. Uranium mineralization mainly occurs in thin sandstone bodies along the margins of subaqueous distributary channels and at their transitional contacts with the interdistributary bays and mouth bars， and is preferentially concentrated where the oxidation front overlaps with sedimentary microfacies boundaries. Based on these observations， a sedimentary microfacies boundary-oxidation front coupling model was proposed. It was believed that Variations in sedimentary microfacies produced systematic changes in sandbody grain size，thickness，and organic-matter content，thereby governed the migration pathways and flow velocities of oxygenated uranium-bearing groundwater and the advancement of the oxidation front，and ultimately controlled the reductive precipitation and enrichment of uranium at the overlapping zones. These findings reveal the coupling between depositional architecture and uranium mineralization at the depositional-cycle scale and provide new sedimentological constraints for predicting favorable exploration targets in delta-front settings and understanding sandstone-hosted uranium mineralization in heterogeneous sandbody systems.
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Evaluation of potential uranium source areas for sandstone-type uranium deposits in southwestern Tarim basin using multi-source geoscientific data
LI Ruiwei;XU Qingjun;CHENG Xu;FAN Fang;LU Zhao;FENG Bo;CHE Yongfei;ZHANG Chuan;Southwestern Tarim basin is located in the tectonic transition between the West Kunlun–Pamir orogenic belt and the southwestern depression of the Tarim basin and has potential for sandstone-type uranium mineralization. Systematic evaluation of potential uranium source conditions and their spatial distribution remains limited because of extensive desert cover， superimposed structyural deformation， and uneven exploration intensity. Focusing on the linkage among potential uranium sources， migration pathways， and surface anomaly responses， this study integrates regional geological data， Landsat 8 OLI， ASTER and GF-6 imagery， and aeromagnetic information. Three groups of evaluation factors—potential uranium source geological bodies， faults， and remote sensing anomalies—were used to construct an expert-constrained semi-quantitative weighted overlay model for regional evaluation. The potential uranium source geological bodies mainly comprise Hercynian and Caledonian granitoids， Paleozoic volcanic rocks， Precambrian metamorphic rocks， and Middle–Lower Jurassic coal-bearing clastic formations. These units occur as belts or patches along the northern margin of the West Kunlun Mountains and the southwestern margin of the Tarim basin. First-order faults， inferred first-order faults， and intersections of multiple fault sets may provide favorable pathways for uranium mobilization， migration， and source-to-basin connection. Iron-staining， hydroxyl-bearing， and carbonate remote sensing anomalies locally show spatial correspondence with potential uranium source geological bodies and faults. Four potential uranium source areas of different favorability levels were delineated: southern Wupal， western Qimeigan， western Buya， and southern Yutian. Western Buya and southern Yutian contain relatively full evaluation factors and are recommended as priority areas for ground verification and subsequent exploration， whereas southern Wupal and western Qimeigan are suitable for regional follow-up evaluation. The results provide a regional-scale reference for screening potential uranium source areas and planning subsequent exploration in southwestern Tarim basin.
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Study on the application of spectral gamma-ray well logging in the thorium prospecting of Bayan Obo deposit
GAO Yupu;JIAO Cangwen;ZHANG Li;WANG Ziyan;ZHANG Qiang;GUO Xijing;FU Bowen;LI Jun;KE Changhui;As a giant iron deposit， the Bayan Obo deposit has concomitant strategic mineral resource of rare earth， niobium and thorium. Thorium， as a potential nuclear resource， is now gradually being emphasized by geologist. The spectral gamma-ray well logging is a method of in-situ probe of uranium， thorium and potassium. To achieve the goal of expanding thorium resource of the Bayan Obo， spectral gamma ray logging， core analysis and total gamma logging were used to conduct the comparative study of thorium ore ( mineralization ) sections with a thickness over 1 500 m so as to analyze causes of deviation， that is the difference of the GT value in meter percent of thorium mineralization segment interpreted by spectral gamma-ray logging and that of gross gamma and core assay respectively. The results verified that thorium dataset acquired by spectral gamma logging could be used for resource estimation with reasonable confidence level， which further enlarge the database of spectral gamma-ray logging for its standardization and engineering application. Meanwhile， the paper proposes potassium-correction method (i. e. potassium concentration ≥ 10 % in core assay) and specific restrictions for thorium prospecting with gross gamma-ray logging.
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Exploration space analysis of Lujing uranium deposit based on spatial interpolation technique
GENG Ruirui;FAN Honghai;PANG Yaqing;SUN Yuanqiang;TIAN Jianji;Lujing uranium deposit is the earliest-discovered large-scale granite-type uranium deposit in Lujing uranium orefield. Its orebodies occur near the contact zone between granite and shallow metamorphic rocks. Owing to complex metallogenic conditions and heterogeneous mineralization distribution，clarifying the spatial patterns of uranium mineralization and finding peripheral prospecting potential is of great significance for the next exploration. Based on borehole grade data from the mining area， this study carries out three-dimensional attribute modeling of deposit grade and prediction of mineralization rules. Systematic preprocessing was performed on borehole grade data，including statistical analysis， sample-length compositing， out-of-range grade treatment，normal-score transformation and variogram analysis， so as to improve data quality and characterize the spatial variability of uranium grade data. On this basis， discrete smooth interpolation and sequential Gaussian simulation were adopted for grade spatial interpolation. A three-dimensional grade attribute model of orebodies in the Lujing uranium deposit is constructed to realize 3D visualization of uranium mineralization distribution and systematically reveal mineralization enrichment features and spatial extension trends. To improve metallogenic prediction accuracy， three-dimensional connectivity analysis is conducted on multiple interpolation realizations from sequential Gaussian simulation to avoid random errors caused by a single interpolation result and accurately identify mineralization enrichment trends for delineating prospective metallogenic domains. The research demonstrates that the combined application of the two interpolation methods can effectively enhance the reliability of spatial prediction for uranium mineralization and identify potential metallogenic targets. Two prospective metallogenic sectors have been delineated within the study area， which can provide solid data support and references for peripheral prospecting prediction of Lujing uranium deposit.
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Geological disposal of high level radioactive waste in China:Progress during 1985～2004
WANG Ju, XU Guo-qing, ZHENG Hua-ling, FAN Xian-hua, WANG Cheng-zu, FAN Zhi-wen (Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100029, China; China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing 100822, China; China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China; Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering, Beijing 100084, China; China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China)Safe disposal of high level radioactive waste (HLW) is a challenging issue for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. The studies for the disposal of HLW in China started in 1985, the proposed goal was to build China's high level waste repository by mid-21st Century, while the waste to be disposed of will be vitrified waste, transuranic waste and small amount of spent fuel. The proposed repository was a shaft-tunnel-silo model hosted by granite in saturated zone. In the period of 1985 to 2004, progress was made in China's HLW disposal program. It was decided that "deep geological disposal" will be used to dispose of China s HLW, while the technical strategy for the development of repository will a 3-step strategy, that includes steps of site selection & site evaluation, construction of underground research laboratory, and construction of repository. Based on nation wide screening, the Beishan area, Cansu Province, northwestern China, located in Gobi desert area with few inhabitants, integral crust structure and favorable geological and hydrogeological conditions, was selected as the most potential area for China s repository. In early 1990 s, site selection for underground research laboratory was conducted, 2 sites in the suburb of Beijing were preliminarily selected as the potential sites for a " generic underground research laboratory" . It was determined to use bentonite as backfill material for the repository, while the bentonite from Gaomiaozi deposit in Inner Mongolia was selected as potential buffer and backfill material for China s repository. The studies on the mineralogical, geotechnical, physico-mechanical and thermal properties of the Gaomiaozi bentonite have been conducting. Some parameters such as sorption radio, diffusion coefficient and dispersion coefficient of radionuchdes (Np, Pu and Tc) in Beishan granite and bentonite have been obtained. A low-oxygen glove box and a device simulating the temperature, pressure and redox potential of repository have been established. China has also made progress in the studies of the chemical behaviour of some key radionuclides. Significant results obtained in natural analog studies such as radionuclide migration near the contact zone between granitic intrusions, transuranic radionuclide migration in uranium deposits, and corrosion of bronze ware. Literature investigations of source term codes, biosphere codes and total system performance assessment codes have been conducted. Conceptual design was only conducted in early 1990's. Since 1999, 2 technical cooperation projects with the International Atomic Energy Agency in the field of high level radioactive waste disposal have been conducting, which greatly enhanced our technical ability. All the technical researches during 1985 - 2004 provide good basis to fulfill the goal of constructing China's HLW repository in the middle of 21st century.
On the host rock for the geological repositories of high level radioactive waste
WANG Ju,XU Guo-qing,JIN Yuan-xin(Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)This paper introduces the host rock types for geological repositories of high level radioactive waste.The basic characteristics and engineering behaviors of granite,claystone,plastic clay,tuff and rock salt are also discussed.After presenting the advantages and the weakness of those rock types,comprehensive studies have shown that the geological repositories hosted by granite and claystone are able to meet the long-term safety requirements.According to the distribution of granite,claystone,tuff,rock salt and loess in China,it is proposed that granite is the proper host rock type for China's geological repositories and it should be considered as the main host rock.However,the possibility of clay formation with large thickness and gentle dipping angles as host rock is also discussed.
Determination of stable isotope composition in uranium geological samples
LIU Han-bin;JIN Gui-shan;LI Jun-jie;HAN Juan;ZHANG Jian-feng;ZHANG Jia;ZHONG Fang-wen;GUO Dong-qiao;Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology;This article describes the type and quantity of uranium geological samples,offline and online test methods for C,H,O,S,Si stable isotopic composition.When stable isotope is used to study genesis of rocks and mineral and source of material,the sample should be selected without late reformation and right amount of minerals or rocks.When mineral pairs are used to study temperature of diagenesis and mineralization,the sample must be of the same era and symbiotic minerals,which are fresh and without late reformation.Offline method to analyze the isotopic composition include following test types: oxygen in the water of oxygen-containing mineral inclusions,silicates,oxides,sulfate,sulfur in sulfide,sulfate and rocks,carbon and oxygen in carbonate minerals,carbon in inclusions of no carbon minerals,silicon in silicate or silicon-containing minerals.The online method to analyze the isotopic composition include following types: hydrogen in quartz inclusions,hydrogen and oxygen in water,carbon and oxygen in carbonate,carbonate cements,carbon in dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC),carbon and nitrogen in organic matter,nitrogen in nitrate of water,carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbon samples.
Review on artificial neural networks and their applications in geoscience
WANG Liangyu;ZHANG Minglin;ZHU Hongtao;LIU Yang;Artificial neural network (ANN) is an information processing system that imitates the structure and function of human brain neural networks,which is an abstract mathematical model for distributed and parallel information processing. It has been successfully applied in many scientific fields. In the field of geoscience,artificial neural network was first applied to geophysical inversion problems,and then gradually expanded to other fields. This paper briefly introduced the development process, basic characteristics and models of artificial neural network,and made a simple comparison of artificial neural network models commonly used in the field of geosciences. In addition,this paper also discussed the application characteristics of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience,and summarized the main applications of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience in recent years,focusing on the application of discriminant classification,pattern recognition,evaluation and prediction,and information data processing. Combined with the actual characteristics of geoscience and the emergence of a large number of optimization theories and technologies in the field of artificial intelligence,this paper also analyzed that the application of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience will gradually present a trend of integration of various technologies and deep learning,and the application effect in the field of geoscience will be increasingly significant.
Site Selection of Underground Research Laboratory for Geological Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste in China
WANG Ju;SU Rui;CHEN Liang;ZHAO Honggang;ZHOU Zhichao;ZHAO Xingguang;The construction project of an underground research laboratory (URL) for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) has been listed as a key national project in the 13thFive-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development in China. This paper introduces the overall consideration,siting criteria, site characteristics, qualitative and quantitative site comparison methods, the comparison process and the final result for the site selection of China's first URL for geological disposal.The first URL of China is considered to be a “3rdGeneration URL”,i.e.“Aera-specific URL”. Based on this concept,9 candidate sites,including West Jiujing,Xinchang,Shazhaoyuan,Suanjingzi,Yamansu,East Tianhu,Aqishan 1,Tamusu and Nuorigong,have been first selected from the 3regions (Beishan of Gansu,Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang Preselected Regions). Then,the following characteristics,including geological conditions,future natural change,hydrogeological conditions,human activities,construction and engineering conditions,environment protection conditions,land use, socio-economic and human conditions,of those 9 sites are comprehensively compared,resulting in that 4 potential sites,i.e. Xinchang,Shazhaoyuan,Nuorigong and Yamansu,are further selected.With the agreement of local government,followed by national level expert consultation,the Xinchang site,located in Beishan,Gansu,NW China is finally selected and confirmed as the site for China’s first URL for geological disposal of HLW. Based on the data from Xinchang site,the engineering design of the URL has been completed,while the construction of the URL was officially started in June2021.
Review on artificial neural networks and their applications in geoscience
WANG Liangyu;ZHANG Minglin;ZHU Hongtao;LIU Yang;Artificial neural network (ANN) is an information processing system that imitates the structure and function of human brain neural networks,which is an abstract mathematical model for distributed and parallel information processing. It has been successfully applied in many scientific fields. In the field of geoscience,artificial neural network was first applied to geophysical inversion problems,and then gradually expanded to other fields. This paper briefly introduced the development process, basic characteristics and models of artificial neural network,and made a simple comparison of artificial neural network models commonly used in the field of geosciences. In addition,this paper also discussed the application characteristics of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience,and summarized the main applications of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience in recent years,focusing on the application of discriminant classification,pattern recognition,evaluation and prediction,and information data processing. Combined with the actual characteristics of geoscience and the emergence of a large number of optimization theories and technologies in the field of artificial intelligence,this paper also analyzed that the application of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience will gradually present a trend of integration of various technologies and deep learning,and the application effect in the field of geoscience will be increasingly significant.
Geological disposal of high level radioactive waste in China:Progress during 1985～2004
WANG Ju, XU Guo-qing, ZHENG Hua-ling, FAN Xian-hua, WANG Cheng-zu, FAN Zhi-wen (Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100029, China; China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing 100822, China; China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China; Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering, Beijing 100084, China; China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China)Safe disposal of high level radioactive waste (HLW) is a challenging issue for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. The studies for the disposal of HLW in China started in 1985, the proposed goal was to build China's high level waste repository by mid-21st Century, while the waste to be disposed of will be vitrified waste, transuranic waste and small amount of spent fuel. The proposed repository was a shaft-tunnel-silo model hosted by granite in saturated zone. In the period of 1985 to 2004, progress was made in China's HLW disposal program. It was decided that "deep geological disposal" will be used to dispose of China s HLW, while the technical strategy for the development of repository will a 3-step strategy, that includes steps of site selection & site evaluation, construction of underground research laboratory, and construction of repository. Based on nation wide screening, the Beishan area, Cansu Province, northwestern China, located in Gobi desert area with few inhabitants, integral crust structure and favorable geological and hydrogeological conditions, was selected as the most potential area for China s repository. In early 1990 s, site selection for underground research laboratory was conducted, 2 sites in the suburb of Beijing were preliminarily selected as the potential sites for a " generic underground research laboratory" . It was determined to use bentonite as backfill material for the repository, while the bentonite from Gaomiaozi deposit in Inner Mongolia was selected as potential buffer and backfill material for China s repository. The studies on the mineralogical, geotechnical, physico-mechanical and thermal properties of the Gaomiaozi bentonite have been conducting. Some parameters such as sorption radio, diffusion coefficient and dispersion coefficient of radionuchdes (Np, Pu and Tc) in Beishan granite and bentonite have been obtained. A low-oxygen glove box and a device simulating the temperature, pressure and redox potential of repository have been established. China has also made progress in the studies of the chemical behaviour of some key radionuclides. Significant results obtained in natural analog studies such as radionuclide migration near the contact zone between granitic intrusions, transuranic radionuclide migration in uranium deposits, and corrosion of bronze ware. Literature investigations of source term codes, biosphere codes and total system performance assessment codes have been conducted. Conceptual design was only conducted in early 1990's. Since 1999, 2 technical cooperation projects with the International Atomic Energy Agency in the field of high level radioactive waste disposal have been conducting, which greatly enhanced our technical ability. All the technical researches during 1985 - 2004 provide good basis to fulfill the goal of constructing China's HLW repository in the middle of 21st century.
The application of laser Raman microprobe to the study of fluid inclusion
ZHANG Min,ZHANG Jian-feng,LI Lin-qiang,QIU Lin-fei(Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)Laser Raman microprobe is a micro-analytical technique for determining molecular components without destroy.Based on the introduction of working principle and analysis method of LRM,this paper expatiates on its application to the study of composition analysis,salinity and pressure of single fluid inclusion.The research further shows that LRM can not only qualitatively analyze the component of different phases of single fluid inclusions in different ages,but also can quantitatively determine some relative components,salinity and pressure of fluid inclusion.Some limitation and shortage of LRM in the research of micro-analysis are also summarized.
Review on the numerical simulation of seepage of bedrock fissure water
WANG Hai-long (CNNC Key Laboratory on Geological Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste, Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)The permeability law of fissure water in bedrock is quite different to traditional porous media permeability law.The groundwater flow in fractured pluton is heterogenous,anisotropy and discontinuity,how to outline these characteristics is the keypoint and difficulty in the numerical simulation of fissure water.It is introduced that the groundwater permeating characteristics of the fractured pluton,analyzes the current fissure water permeating models,and introduces the numerical calculation methods and mainstream numerical simulation software.
Status and prospect of hyperspectral remote sensing technique in rock and mineral identification
PEI Cheng-kai,FU Jin (Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)Hyperspectral remote sensing technology (including physical principle of rock and mineral identification,abstracted spectral parameters,hyperspectral data processing and analysis technology) is first introduced and then measuring apparatus is also briefly introduced in the paper. At last,the present status and prospect of hyperspectral technique in the application of resources exploration is discussed.
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