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About the Journal
Former journal titles：Foreign Uranium Geology；Overseas Uranium and Gold Geology；Foreign Radioactive Geology
Responsible Institution：China National Nuclear Corporation
Sponsor：Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology
Editor in Chief：LI Ziying
Publication：Editorial Department of World Nuclear Geoscience
Publication frequency：Bimonthly
ISSN: 1672-0636
CN: 11-4914/TL
Place of Publication: Beijing, China
Language: Chinese
Format: Large 16K (A4)
Postal Subscription Code: 82-407
Year of Inception: 1962
Study on the metallogenic environment and regional metallogenic regularities of sandstone-type uranium deposits in the China-Mongolia border and adjacent areas
LIU Chiheng;CAI Yuqi;LIU Wusheng;LIU Zhengguo;REN Hong;ZHANG Yunlong;SUN Xiang;YANG Ze;SONG Jiye;JIA Licheng;National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resources Exploration-Mining and Nuclear Remote Sensing;Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology;The China-Mongolia border and adjacent areas host a series of Late Mesozoic rift basins that constitute an important sandstone-type uranium province in Central Asia. To clarify the uneven distribution of uranium deposits, the differences in ore-bearing horizons, and the regional metallogenic controls, this study compares the Yin-Ejin,Erlian,East Gobi,and Hailar-Tamtsag basins within a unified cross-border tectonic framework. Seismic profiles, tectono-stratigraphic correlations, basement attributes, sedimentary systems,paleoclimate records,and representative deposits are integrated. The results show that these basins formed in a wide rift system related to post-orogenic lithospheric extension, thinning, and gravitational collapse, and generally experienced syn-rift fault-depression subsidence followed by post-rift sag subsidence. Ancient basement rocks and uranium-rich magmatic rocks provided the principal "infiltrationtype" uranium sources, while uranium-rich dark mudstones and source rocks in faulted lacustrine basins could also serve as "exudative" uranium sources. Sandstone-type uranium deposits can be divided into faultdepression and sag types. The former is controlled by proximal uranium sources,boundary faults,basement paleochannels, and fan-delta sand bodies, and the scale of mineralization is constrained by structural segmentation of the fault depressions. The latter is jointly controlled by regionally extensive longitudinal fluvial channel-deltaic sand bodies, stable oxidizing fluids, and exudative uranium sources from deep fault depressions,and represents the principal setting for the formation of large to super-large deposits. The end of Early Cretaceous climatic shift from relatively humid to semi-arid or arid conditions promoted uranium leaching, reducing-media formation, and oxidized uranium-bearing groundwater circulation. This study indicates that the spatiotemporal coupling of fault-depression-sag structural transformation, sand-body connectivity, climatic transition, uranium-source effectiveness, and preservation conditions is the key control on large-scale sandstone-type uranium enrichment in the China-Mongolia border region and adjacent areas.
Geological characteristics and metallogenic ages of uranium mineralization in Huanghuagou area,northern Junggar basin
ZHU Bin;WU Yu;ZHONG Jun;CHEN Hong;MAO Guangzhen;YANG Yanbo;National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resources Exploration-Mining and Nuclear Remote sensing;Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology;Three types of uranium mineralization have been identified in sandstones of the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu group in the Huanghuagou area, northern Junggar basin: apatite-type, infiltration-type, and supergene-type. Detailed petrological, mineralogical, geochemical, and geochronological studies on these three types of uranium ore samples yield the following insights: 1) In the apatite-type uranium ores, no independent uranium minerals are developed; uranium occurs as an isomorphous substitution in microcrystalline apatite, which exists as cement. A whole-rock U-Pb isochron age of 76.5±6.6 Ma was obtained, indicating that the mineralization occurred during the sedimentary hiatus between the Upper Cretaceous Honglishan formation and the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu group. 2) In the “infiltration-type”uranium ores, coffinite is the main uranium mineral, spatially closely associated with plant fragments and pyrite. Uranium mineralization is located at the redox transition zone. U-Th-Pb chemical dating of uranium minerals yields an age of 11.5 Ma, suggesting that the “infiltration” uranium mineralization took place during the sedimentary hiatus between the Neogene Suosuoquan formation and the Paleogene Ulunguhe formation. 3) The supergene-type uranium ores are the oxidized surface remnants of the “infiltration-type” uranium ores, in which uranium occurs as secondary uranium minerals(carnotite, tyuyamunite, and metatyuyamunite). Lead contents in these uranium minerals are below the detection limit, indicating that the supergene alteration occurred during the Quaternary. Based on the characteristics of the three uranium mineralization types, it is concluded that future uranium exploration in the Huanghuagou area should focus primarily on the “infiltration-type” uranium deposits.
Sedimentary characteristics and uranium metallogenesis of the lower member of Atushi formation in Wupaer segment of Kashi sag,Tarim basin
SUN Fei;WANG Shouyu;YANG Wenlong;LYU Junwei;LI Zhenhuan;YUAN Zhong;LIU Nian;The lower member of the Upper Series Artux formation in the Wupaer area, Kashgar sag, Tarim basin, serves as the main host horizon for sandstone-type uranium deposits. Investigating its sedimentary characteristics and uranium mineralization is of great significance for guiding uranium exploration in this region. Based on comprehensive analysis of field reconnaissance, core observation, and borehole data, a series of maps including isopach maps of the lower Artux formation and sand body thickness were compiled. Combined with oxidation and mineralization information revealed by boreholes and surface outcrops, the sedimentary facies and mineralization processes of the lower Artux formation were systematically analyzed.The results indicate that the sandstones in the lower Artux formation of the Wupaer area are mainly fine-to medium-grained feldspathic sandstone and feldspathic lithic sandstone. The ore-bearing host rocks contain carnotite, phosgenite, and pyrite. The study area is primarily characterized by alluvial fan and deltaic deposits. The alluvial fan facies can be subdivided into middle fan and inner fan subfacies,while the deltaic facies can be subdivided into microfacies such as deltaic plain distributary channels, deltaic plain interdistributary depressions, deltaic front subaqueous distributary channels, and deltaic front interdistributary bays. The facies transition zones between the deltaic plain distributary channels and the deltaic front subaqueous distributary channels are favorable for uranium mineralization. The uranium mineralization is evidently controlled by the interlayer oxidation zone and regional tectonics. It generally experienced stages of initial uranium enrichment, phreatic-to-interlayer oxidation transition, continuous development of the interlayer oxidation zone and uranium mineralization, and differential development. The area extending from the west of Tashdalan to Yoder, Xianazar, and southeast of Biaoerkuoyi village on the north limb of the syncline in the study area is a favorable zone for uranium mineralization, and can serve as a key target area for the next phase of sandstone-type uranium exploration in the Artux formation.
Comprehensive analysis of sandstone-type uranium metallogenic conditions in the eastern depression of the Yemajing area,northern Jinta basin
ZHANG Zilong;WANG Fenggang;ZHOU Junjie;WU Guodong;LIU Xu;WANG Jibin;HE Feng;WU Qun;ZHNG Yan;TANG Ailin;National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resources Exploration-mining and Nuclear Remote Sensing;Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology;The eastern sag in the Yemajing area of northern Jinta basin is a typical intermontane depression,where the uranium geological research is currently limited. To explore the uranium mineralization potential of small depressions surrounding uranium-rich pluton, this study systematically analyzed the sandstone-type uranium metallogenic conditions in this area using comprehensive techniques including geological profile surveying, ground gamma spectrometry, electromagnetic survey, areal soil radon gas measurement, trace element analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that uranium-rich Carboniferous monzogranites(surface grab samples uranium content up to 102×10-6) are widely exposed around the depression, and the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou formation itself exhibits pre-enrichment uranium characteristics,indicating superior uranium source conditions. The depression as a whole exhibits a synclinal structure developed within a “U”-shaped catchment configuration. The Xiagou formation has a “mudsand-mud” sequence, with vertical sandstone thickness generally ranging from 40 to 260 m, and the epigenetic alterations are dominated by phreatic oxidation and surface leaching. The surface radioactivity is high(average uranium content of sandstone 91.9×10-6,maximum 217×10-6),and the soil radon anomaly is of extensive area. Uranium and associated minerals such as pitchblende, anatase, and thorianite can be identified in surface ores. The above findings confirm that this depression has favorable uranium metallogenic conditions, with the mineralization type being sedimentary-diagenetic plus phreatic oxidation(basal paleochannel type), but the mineralization scale may be limited. This research provide a reference for sandstone-type uranium exploration in similar small basins(depression zones) in northwestern China.
Metallogenic characteristics and mineralization of uranium deposits in Huanglongpu area of Luonan,north Qinling metallogenic belt
LIAN Kang;WANG Tian;FENG Wei;The Huanglongpu region is located at the convergence of the northeast-trending molybdenum-leadzinc-copper metallogenic belt within the North Qinling orogenic belt and the northwest-trending uraniumniobium-REE-rare metal metallogenic belt. It hosts notable uranium and polymetallic mineralization. This paper systematically summarized the uranium metallogenic structure, orebody characteristics and ore characteristics, and discussed the geochemical characteristics and alteration zoning of uranium deposits in the Huanglongpu area. Uranium deposits primarily formed during the post-collision extensional and tensile phase of the Qinling orogeny, controlled by NW and NE-trending faults. The main host rocks are NEoriented K-feldspar-bearing quartz-carbonate veins,with subordinate NW-oriented counterparts. NW faultrelated mineralization predominantly occurs as vein or stratiform bodies, while NE faults produce more complex, lensoid or disseminated mineralization. The carbonate veins are enriched in incompatible elements such as U, Sr,Ba,and REEs,exhibiting a right-leaning REE distribution with light REE enrichment. In the pre-mineralization stage, K-feldspathization and biotitization were developed; the main mineralization stage was characterized by silicification and pyritization; the post-mineralization stage developed sericitization, chloritization, carbonatization, kaolinization and limonitization. The alteration exhibits distinct horizontal and vertical zonation, consisting of an inner zone(intense alteration zone), middle zone(transition zone) and outer zone(weak alteration zone).
Application of soil radon and alternating electric field measurements in groundwater prospecting and well siting in Pingyi area， Shandong province
SUN Qi;LI Baojie;WEI Yunhua;LIN Xiaobin;Pingyi area in Shandong province is located in the low hilly region of central-southern Shandong，where metamorphic rocks and intrusive rocks are widely distributed with poorly developed fractures and weak water-bearing capacity，making it a typical water-deficient mountainous area in the province. To investigate the applicability and combined application performance of soil radon measurement and alternating electric field method in groundwater exploration and well siting in such areas，stematical study was conducted in this paper to provide technical references for efficient groundwater prospecting and well positioning in similar water-deficient mountainous areas of the Yimeng Mountains. A detailed hydrogeological survey was firstly carried out in the study area to classify aquifer rock groups and analyze the occurrence characteristics and water enrichment patterns of various groundwater types. On this basis，soil radon concentration profile measurements were conducted using FD-3017RaA radon detector，with survey lines arranged perpendicular to structural lines or strata strikes at station intervals of 3 to 10 m，obtaining radon concentration values at each station and plotting profile curves. Meanwhile，alternating electric field measurements were carried out along the same survey lines and at the same stations using ADMT series single-channel wired magnetic probe water detector. By analyzing the soil radon concentration curve patterns and apparent resistivity profile characteristics corresponding to different groundwater types (including loose rock pore water，clastic rock fissure water，carbonate karst fissure water，and metamorphic/magmatic rock fissure water)，the technical characteristics and anomaly identification criteria of the two methods were summarized. Combined interpretation and drilling verification were conducted based on four sets of field drilling cases in different aquifer rock groups. High-value anomalous peak zones of soil radon concentration correspond to water-rich structures such as karst fractures and fault fracture zones. Low-resistivity anomalous zones identified by the alternating electric field method can accurately distinguish the type，burial depth and distribution range of aquifers. The final depths of the four verification wells are 36，318，360 and 280 m，with single-well yields of 15，50，40and 12 m3·h-1，respectively. The predicted aquifers are generally consistent with the actual water-producing horizons. The combined application of soil radon measurement and alternating electric field method features complementary advantages and high reliability，which is suitable for popularization and application in the water-deficient low hilly areas of central-southern Shandong.
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Research progress on carbon steel materials in high-level radioactive waste geological disposal
GAO Min;QIAO Shuzhen;WANG Youzhi;NIU Jiayu;HAO Long;XIE Jingli;WANG Jianqiu;The material screen for high-level radioactive waste disposal canister in China still requires further evaluation， carbon steel remains an important candidate or reference for comparison due to its low cost， mature manufacturing technology， feasibility for thick-walled component fabrication， and reliable mechanical properties. This review summarized the research progress of carbon steel materials in geological disposal concepts for high-level radioactive waste worldwide， and compared the functional roles of carbon steel under different host rocks， engineered barrier systems， and canister material routes. The results show that carbon steel can serve as a corrosion-allowance canister， a passivated overpack in alkaline environments， a mechanical support substrate in composite canisters， and a disposal package or auxiliary structural component. Its long-term applicability mainly depends on the anaerobic corrosion rate， protectiveness of corrosion product films， risk of localized corrosion， hydrogen generation， and evolution of the steel–buffer material–groundwater interface. Future work should shift from evaluating the corrosion resistance of individual materials toward an integrated assessment of “material–disposal concept–near-field environment–safety function”， so as to provide a reference for canister material selection and long-term safety assessment of high-level radioactive waste disposal in China.
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Multi-source remote sensing characteristics and favorable area prediction for sandstone-type uranium deposits at the northwestern margin of the Jianghan basin
WU Long;LUO Hua;LENG Shuangliang;YU Jianghao;ZHAO Xuesong;QI Haijun;HUANG Junfeng;MIN Hui;WANG Yunke;Sandstone-type uranium deposits are currently a strategic focus in uranium exploration in China. The prospecting for sandstone-type uranium deposits in the Jianghan Basin has long lagged behind，and no significant breakthroughs achieved. This study focuses on the Yichang-Dangyang area along the northwestern margin of the Jianghan Basin. Using data from Sentinel-2，Landsat 8，ASTER GDEM，and other sources，we conducted texture enhancement，three-dimensional visualization modeling，and alteration information extraction to identify and analyze the metallogenic factors and conditions of known uranium mineralization points. The results indicate that the uranium-bearing acidic intrusive rocks in the northwestern part of the study area exhibit favorable uranium source characteristics. The slope zone extending from the periphery of the intrusive rocks toward the basin provides conducive conditions for the migration of uranous-oxygenic water. The fault structures developed on the slope zone serve as pathways for the downward migration of uranous-oxygenic water. The mud-sand-mud structure present in the Cretaceous strata on the slope zone constitutes a significant ore-hosting space，while the iron staining information developed within it serves as an important indicator of epigenetic oxidation. This also suggests that the sandstone-type uranium deposits in the region exhibit typical interlayer oxidation zone characteristics. Based on the metallogenic factors and conditions identified through multi-source remote sensing，a grid-based method was employed to predict favorable areas. Four Class I favorable areas were identified，three of which show good correspondence with known uranium deposits (points). The remaining area exhibits favorable stratigraphic，slope，and fault conditions and can be considered as the key direction for future uranium exploration.
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Sedimentary evolution and controlling factors of the Neogene in the Eastern Tarim basin
CHENG Yuhan;QIN Mingkuan;GUO Qiang;LU Wuxuan;The Neogene strata are widely distributed with large thickness and well-developed sand-bodies in the eastern Tarim Basin. However，the distribution of sedimentary facies，evolutionary rules and main controlling factors remain poorly understood，which restricts the exploration of sandstone-type uranium deposits. Based on drilling，core and test analysis data，combined with the tectonic-paleoclimate evolution of the peripheral orogenic belts，this paper try to clarify the sedimentary evolutionary characteristics and controlling factors of the Neogene. The Neogene paleoclimate in the eastern Tarim Basin was generally semi-arid to arid，with multiple humid-warm climatic cycles. Trace-element records from the Pliocene Kuqa formation reveal that the sedimentary stage of the lower Kuqa formation was dominated by arid climate with short-term lake-basin salinization under suboxic-oxidant water-body conditions；subsequently，the climate turned to relatively warm-humid and intensified chemical weathering，the lake-basin was dominated by fresh-brackish oxidizing water. During the middle-late stage，chemical weathering weakened，the climate shifted toward semi-arid conditions，and the lake-basin maintained brackish oxidizing water-body conditions. The Neogene sedimentary evolution in the study area was jointly controlled by regional tectonic activity and paleoclimate change. The Jidike-Kangcun-Kuqa formations consistently received dual provenance supplies from the northern Kuruktag Mountains and southern Altun Mountains，showing an overall evolutionary trend that lacustrine deposits were gradually replaced by coarse-grained terrigenous clastic fillings. Tectonic activity and mountain uplift were relatively weak during the sedimentary period of the Jidike formation，while stable depression-type large-scale lacustrine deposits developed. From the Kangcun formation to the Kuqa formation，the elevation difference between basin and mountain increased continuously. Rapid mountain uplift promoted the progradation of terrigenous clastics toward the basin. Combined with regional aridification，braided-river delta deposits advanced extensively into the basin and the lake basin gradually shrank. Comprehensive analysis of metallogenic conditions indicated that the Kongquehe Slope，characterized by sufficient uranium sources，favorable monoclinal structure and well-developed braided-river delta sand-bodies，represented the most favorable metallogenic zone for Neogene sandstone-type uranium deposits. Priority should be given to tracing the interlayer oxidation-reduction front belt within the basin. The moderately-buried braided-river delta sand-bodies in front of the Kuruktag Mountains and local coupling zones between faults and sand-bodies in front of the Altun Mountains can be regarded as secondary prospecting targets.
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Research on detection method of dual-energy directional gamma radiation sampling scintillation detector
LIU Hongwu;YANG Jinzheng;Obtaining radionuclide information of objects to be measured in a specific direction is an important task in nuclear resource exploration， and interference rays from surrounding non-measurement objects will affect the measurement results. This paper conducts Monte Carlo simulation and physical experiments on eliminating the influence of surrounding interfering gamma rays with different dual-energy scintillationh director by a relatively thin lead shielding layer and specific algorithms.Five types of scintillation materials， namely sodium iodide， cesium iodide， cerium bromide， lanthanum bromide and bismuth germanate， were selected for Monte Carlo simulation calculations. From a theoretical level， it was confirmed that dual-energy directional gamma radiation sampling technology is feasible for different detector materials. A dual-radium source experiment was further built with the sodium iodide detector as the core for physical experimental verification. The data obtained from Monte Carlo simulation shows that the relative deviation between the directional gamma ray counting results of various scintillation material detectors and the direct simulation output is ≤±4.69%. The data obtained from the physical experiment show that the relative deviation between the calculated value of the directional gamma ray count and the experimental measurement is ≤±8.3%. Dual-energy directional gamma radiation sampling technology can be well applied to five scintillator detectors， can realize directional gamma radiation sampling which provide technical application support for on-site measurement work in the fields of uranium mine exploration and radiation environment monitoring.
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Geological disposal of high level radioactive waste in China:Progress during 1985～2004
WANG Ju, XU Guo-qing, ZHENG Hua-ling, FAN Xian-hua, WANG Cheng-zu, FAN Zhi-wen (Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100029, China; China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing 100822, China; China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China; Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering, Beijing 100084, China; China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China)Safe disposal of high level radioactive waste (HLW) is a challenging issue for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. The studies for the disposal of HLW in China started in 1985, the proposed goal was to build China's high level waste repository by mid-21st Century, while the waste to be disposed of will be vitrified waste, transuranic waste and small amount of spent fuel. The proposed repository was a shaft-tunnel-silo model hosted by granite in saturated zone. In the period of 1985 to 2004, progress was made in China's HLW disposal program. It was decided that "deep geological disposal" will be used to dispose of China s HLW, while the technical strategy for the development of repository will a 3-step strategy, that includes steps of site selection & site evaluation, construction of underground research laboratory, and construction of repository. Based on nation wide screening, the Beishan area, Cansu Province, northwestern China, located in Gobi desert area with few inhabitants, integral crust structure and favorable geological and hydrogeological conditions, was selected as the most potential area for China s repository. In early 1990 s, site selection for underground research laboratory was conducted, 2 sites in the suburb of Beijing were preliminarily selected as the potential sites for a " generic underground research laboratory" . It was determined to use bentonite as backfill material for the repository, while the bentonite from Gaomiaozi deposit in Inner Mongolia was selected as potential buffer and backfill material for China s repository. The studies on the mineralogical, geotechnical, physico-mechanical and thermal properties of the Gaomiaozi bentonite have been conducting. Some parameters such as sorption radio, diffusion coefficient and dispersion coefficient of radionuchdes (Np, Pu and Tc) in Beishan granite and bentonite have been obtained. A low-oxygen glove box and a device simulating the temperature, pressure and redox potential of repository have been established. China has also made progress in the studies of the chemical behaviour of some key radionuclides. Significant results obtained in natural analog studies such as radionuclide migration near the contact zone between granitic intrusions, transuranic radionuclide migration in uranium deposits, and corrosion of bronze ware. Literature investigations of source term codes, biosphere codes and total system performance assessment codes have been conducted. Conceptual design was only conducted in early 1990's. Since 1999, 2 technical cooperation projects with the International Atomic Energy Agency in the field of high level radioactive waste disposal have been conducting, which greatly enhanced our technical ability. All the technical researches during 1985 - 2004 provide good basis to fulfill the goal of constructing China's HLW repository in the middle of 21st century.
On the host rock for the geological repositories of high level radioactive waste
WANG Ju,XU Guo-qing,JIN Yuan-xin(Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)This paper introduces the host rock types for geological repositories of high level radioactive waste.The basic characteristics and engineering behaviors of granite,claystone,plastic clay,tuff and rock salt are also discussed.After presenting the advantages and the weakness of those rock types,comprehensive studies have shown that the geological repositories hosted by granite and claystone are able to meet the long-term safety requirements.According to the distribution of granite,claystone,tuff,rock salt and loess in China,it is proposed that granite is the proper host rock type for China's geological repositories and it should be considered as the main host rock.However,the possibility of clay formation with large thickness and gentle dipping angles as host rock is also discussed.
Determination of stable isotope composition in uranium geological samples
LIU Han-bin;JIN Gui-shan;LI Jun-jie;HAN Juan;ZHANG Jian-feng;ZHANG Jia;ZHONG Fang-wen;GUO Dong-qiao;Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology;This article describes the type and quantity of uranium geological samples,offline and online test methods for C,H,O,S,Si stable isotopic composition.When stable isotope is used to study genesis of rocks and mineral and source of material,the sample should be selected without late reformation and right amount of minerals or rocks.When mineral pairs are used to study temperature of diagenesis and mineralization,the sample must be of the same era and symbiotic minerals,which are fresh and without late reformation.Offline method to analyze the isotopic composition include following test types: oxygen in the water of oxygen-containing mineral inclusions,silicates,oxides,sulfate,sulfur in sulfide,sulfate and rocks,carbon and oxygen in carbonate minerals,carbon in inclusions of no carbon minerals,silicon in silicate or silicon-containing minerals.The online method to analyze the isotopic composition include following types: hydrogen in quartz inclusions,hydrogen and oxygen in water,carbon and oxygen in carbonate,carbonate cements,carbon in dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC),carbon and nitrogen in organic matter,nitrogen in nitrate of water,carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbon samples.
Review on artificial neural networks and their applications in geoscience
WANG Liangyu;ZHANG Minglin;ZHU Hongtao;LIU Yang;Artificial neural network (ANN) is an information processing system that imitates the structure and function of human brain neural networks,which is an abstract mathematical model for distributed and parallel information processing. It has been successfully applied in many scientific fields. In the field of geoscience,artificial neural network was first applied to geophysical inversion problems,and then gradually expanded to other fields. This paper briefly introduced the development process, basic characteristics and models of artificial neural network,and made a simple comparison of artificial neural network models commonly used in the field of geosciences. In addition,this paper also discussed the application characteristics of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience,and summarized the main applications of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience in recent years,focusing on the application of discriminant classification,pattern recognition,evaluation and prediction,and information data processing. Combined with the actual characteristics of geoscience and the emergence of a large number of optimization theories and technologies in the field of artificial intelligence,this paper also analyzed that the application of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience will gradually present a trend of integration of various technologies and deep learning,and the application effect in the field of geoscience will be increasingly significant.
Site Selection of Underground Research Laboratory for Geological Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste in China
WANG Ju;SU Rui;CHEN Liang;ZHAO Honggang;ZHOU Zhichao;ZHAO Xingguang;The construction project of an underground research laboratory (URL) for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) has been listed as a key national project in the 13thFive-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development in China. This paper introduces the overall consideration,siting criteria, site characteristics, qualitative and quantitative site comparison methods, the comparison process and the final result for the site selection of China's first URL for geological disposal.The first URL of China is considered to be a “3rdGeneration URL”,i.e.“Aera-specific URL”. Based on this concept,9 candidate sites,including West Jiujing,Xinchang,Shazhaoyuan,Suanjingzi,Yamansu,East Tianhu,Aqishan 1,Tamusu and Nuorigong,have been first selected from the 3regions (Beishan of Gansu,Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang Preselected Regions). Then,the following characteristics,including geological conditions,future natural change,hydrogeological conditions,human activities,construction and engineering conditions,environment protection conditions,land use, socio-economic and human conditions,of those 9 sites are comprehensively compared,resulting in that 4 potential sites,i.e. Xinchang,Shazhaoyuan,Nuorigong and Yamansu,are further selected.With the agreement of local government,followed by national level expert consultation,the Xinchang site,located in Beishan,Gansu,NW China is finally selected and confirmed as the site for China’s first URL for geological disposal of HLW. Based on the data from Xinchang site,the engineering design of the URL has been completed,while the construction of the URL was officially started in June2021.
Review on artificial neural networks and their applications in geoscience
WANG Liangyu;ZHANG Minglin;ZHU Hongtao;LIU Yang;Artificial neural network (ANN) is an information processing system that imitates the structure and function of human brain neural networks,which is an abstract mathematical model for distributed and parallel information processing. It has been successfully applied in many scientific fields. In the field of geoscience,artificial neural network was first applied to geophysical inversion problems,and then gradually expanded to other fields. This paper briefly introduced the development process, basic characteristics and models of artificial neural network,and made a simple comparison of artificial neural network models commonly used in the field of geosciences. In addition,this paper also discussed the application characteristics of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience,and summarized the main applications of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience in recent years,focusing on the application of discriminant classification,pattern recognition,evaluation and prediction,and information data processing. Combined with the actual characteristics of geoscience and the emergence of a large number of optimization theories and technologies in the field of artificial intelligence,this paper also analyzed that the application of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience will gradually present a trend of integration of various technologies and deep learning,and the application effect in the field of geoscience will be increasingly significant.
Geological disposal of high level radioactive waste in China:Progress during 1985～2004
WANG Ju, XU Guo-qing, ZHENG Hua-ling, FAN Xian-hua, WANG Cheng-zu, FAN Zhi-wen (Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100029, China; China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing 100822, China; China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China; Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering, Beijing 100084, China; China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China)Safe disposal of high level radioactive waste (HLW) is a challenging issue for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. The studies for the disposal of HLW in China started in 1985, the proposed goal was to build China's high level waste repository by mid-21st Century, while the waste to be disposed of will be vitrified waste, transuranic waste and small amount of spent fuel. The proposed repository was a shaft-tunnel-silo model hosted by granite in saturated zone. In the period of 1985 to 2004, progress was made in China's HLW disposal program. It was decided that "deep geological disposal" will be used to dispose of China s HLW, while the technical strategy for the development of repository will a 3-step strategy, that includes steps of site selection & site evaluation, construction of underground research laboratory, and construction of repository. Based on nation wide screening, the Beishan area, Cansu Province, northwestern China, located in Gobi desert area with few inhabitants, integral crust structure and favorable geological and hydrogeological conditions, was selected as the most potential area for China s repository. In early 1990 s, site selection for underground research laboratory was conducted, 2 sites in the suburb of Beijing were preliminarily selected as the potential sites for a " generic underground research laboratory" . It was determined to use bentonite as backfill material for the repository, while the bentonite from Gaomiaozi deposit in Inner Mongolia was selected as potential buffer and backfill material for China s repository. The studies on the mineralogical, geotechnical, physico-mechanical and thermal properties of the Gaomiaozi bentonite have been conducting. Some parameters such as sorption radio, diffusion coefficient and dispersion coefficient of radionuchdes (Np, Pu and Tc) in Beishan granite and bentonite have been obtained. A low-oxygen glove box and a device simulating the temperature, pressure and redox potential of repository have been established. China has also made progress in the studies of the chemical behaviour of some key radionuclides. Significant results obtained in natural analog studies such as radionuclide migration near the contact zone between granitic intrusions, transuranic radionuclide migration in uranium deposits, and corrosion of bronze ware. Literature investigations of source term codes, biosphere codes and total system performance assessment codes have been conducted. Conceptual design was only conducted in early 1990's. Since 1999, 2 technical cooperation projects with the International Atomic Energy Agency in the field of high level radioactive waste disposal have been conducting, which greatly enhanced our technical ability. All the technical researches during 1985 - 2004 provide good basis to fulfill the goal of constructing China's HLW repository in the middle of 21st century.
The application of laser Raman microprobe to the study of fluid inclusion
ZHANG Min,ZHANG Jian-feng,LI Lin-qiang,QIU Lin-fei(Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)Laser Raman microprobe is a micro-analytical technique for determining molecular components without destroy.Based on the introduction of working principle and analysis method of LRM,this paper expatiates on its application to the study of composition analysis,salinity and pressure of single fluid inclusion.The research further shows that LRM can not only qualitatively analyze the component of different phases of single fluid inclusions in different ages,but also can quantitatively determine some relative components,salinity and pressure of fluid inclusion.Some limitation and shortage of LRM in the research of micro-analysis are also summarized.
Review on the numerical simulation of seepage of bedrock fissure water
WANG Hai-long (CNNC Key Laboratory on Geological Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste, Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)The permeability law of fissure water in bedrock is quite different to traditional porous media permeability law.The groundwater flow in fractured pluton is heterogenous,anisotropy and discontinuity,how to outline these characteristics is the keypoint and difficulty in the numerical simulation of fissure water.It is introduced that the groundwater permeating characteristics of the fractured pluton,analyzes the current fissure water permeating models,and introduces the numerical calculation methods and mainstream numerical simulation software.
Status and prospect of hyperspectral remote sensing technique in rock and mineral identification
PEI Cheng-kai,FU Jin (Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)Hyperspectral remote sensing technology (including physical principle of rock and mineral identification,abstracted spectral parameters,hyperspectral data processing and analysis technology) is first introduced and then measuring apparatus is also briefly introduced in the paper. At last,the present status and prospect of hyperspectral technique in the application of resources exploration is discussed.
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