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About the Journal
Former journal titles：Foreign Uranium Geology；Overseas Uranium and Gold Geology；Foreign Radioactive Geology
Sponsor：Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology
Publication frequency：Bimonthly
ISSN: 1672-0636
CN: 11-4914/TL
Place of Publication: Beijing, China
Language: Chinese
Format: Large 16K (A4)
Postal Subscription Code: 82-407
Year of Inception: 1962
Ore-forming material source of deep polymetallic mineralization in the Xiangshan uranium ore field, Jiangxi: constraints from S-Pb isotope tracing
LIU Jungang;LI Ziying;NIE Jiangtao;The Xiangshan uranium orefield in Jiangxi province is the largest volcanic uranium metallogenic cluster in China. Recent deep exploration has identified large-scale Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic mineralization at depths beneath 700 m in the western orefield,forming a distinct vertical zoning of“upper uranium and lower polymetallic mineralization”. This unique geological feature provides a natural laboratory for investigating uranium-polymetallic metallogenic systems in volcanic terrains of South China. In this study, sulfide monominerals(arsenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena) from the main metallogenic stage of deep polymetallic mineralization, collected from the scientific deep drilling borehole CUSD3 and adjacent boreholes in western Xiangshan, were selected for systematic mineralogical observations and high-precision sulfur and lead isotopic analyses. The results show that δ34SV-CDTvalues of the sulfides range from 1.9 ‰ to 6.5 ‰, with a typical tower-shaped distribution peaking at 4 ‰-5 ‰;the δ34S values of different sulfides follow the order of galena < pyrite < sphalerite, with sulfur isotope fractionation equilibrium essentially reached between coexisting sphalerite and galena. The calculated total sulfur isotopic composition(δ34SΣS) of the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid is ～4.4 ‰, indicating a predominantly magmatic sulfur source. Equilibrium temperatures calculated from coexisting mineral pairs range from 238 to 362 ℃, suggesting a moderate to moderate-high temperature hydrothermal metallogenic environment, and the two distinct temperature intervals confirm two-stage hydrothermal mineralization, with the low-temperature stage concentrated in the core of the Heyuanbei-Xiaopi Fault Zone, likely related to mixing of low-temperature meteoric fluids triggered by fault reactivation. Lead isotopic analyses reveal that ore sulfides have stable compositions with typical normal common lead characteristics; the μ values(238U/204Pb) of ore lead mainly range from 9.62 to 10.11, with the vast majority above 9.58. Combined with genetic discrimination diagram analyses,ore-forming metals are confirmed to be mainly derived from the upper crust,with minor input from the early basement orogenic belt. Significant lead isotopic differences between ore lead and Cretaceous volcanic-subvolcanic rocks in the study area rule out a shared deep crustal magmatic source. This study clarifies the ore-forming material sources and fluid evolution of the deep polymetallic mineralization in Xiangshan, provides key geochemical constraints for deciphering the genesis of the “upper uranium and lower polymetallic” structure and the metallogenic coupling between uranium and polymetallic mineralization,and offers theoretical support for deep polymetallic prospecting optimization in volcanic-type uranium orefields of South China.
Geochemistry and geochronology of Late Jurassic two-mica granites from Longyuanba granitic massif,South China:petrogenesis and U-fertility
Waseem KHAN ;Ziying LI ;Jiangtao NIE ;Jian GUO ;Yaqing PANG ;Haowei LI ;National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resources Exploration-Mining and Nuclear Remote Sensing;Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology;The Longyuanba Two Mica Granites (LTMG) in the Zhuguang area of South China are closely related to U-mineralization,yet their petrogenesis and mechanisms of U-fertility are inadequately understood.This study employs integrated petrographic,whole-rock geochemistry,and U-Pb zircon dating analyses to elucidate the emplacement age,magmatic source,and metallogenic potential of the granites.U-Pb zircon dating yields a crystallization age of 159.3±1.3 Ma,which represents a Late Jurassic emplacement age of the LTMG.The LTMG specimens show A/CNK values between 1.07 and 1.41,indicating they are S-type peraluminous granites with high SiO2,Al_2O3,and K_2O.The studied rocks derived from the partial melting of pelitic (clay-rich) sources from the Paleoproterozoic basement.This is shown by the high Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios and the Al_2O3/TiO2 vs.CaO/Na_2O correlations.In relatively low-temperature environments,the magmas experienced significant fractional crystallization of feldspar,plagioclase,biotite,zircon,and Fe-Ti oxides.The mean zircon saturation temperature(TZr) was 736℃，and the oxygen fugacity(ƒO2)was low.The U concentrations in the LTMG specimens range from 8.84×10-6 to 28.6×10-6,which are much higher than both the average upper crustal values and those of barren granites.These characteristics indicate a considerable potential for U-mineralization,particularly in conjunction with the presence of U-enriched accessory minerals such as apatite,xenotime,and tourmaline.The geochemical and petrogenetic traits of the LTMG provide essential exploration parameters for granite-hosted U-deposits in the South China Block (SCB) and present novel insights into the magmatic processes that control U-fertility and mineralization in S-type granite systems.
Structural deformation characteristics and prospecting implications for sandstone-type uranium deposits in the Tuoyun sag, southwestern Tarim basin
ZHANG Mingzheng;As the largest superimposed basin in China,Tarim basin has been subjected to multi-stageintensive intracontinental tectonic deformation and basin-mountain coupling effects, and a series of intermontane sags are formed. This study fouses on the Tuoyun intermontane basin, southwestern Tarim basin. This paper systematically analyzes the fault system, structural styles, tectonic evolution sequence and their coupling relationship with uranium mineralization,the tectonic ore-controlling mechanism and prospecting direction of sandstone-type uranium deposits are clarified in strongly deformed areas. The results show that the Tuoyun basin is controlled by a composite stress field of N-S compression and NNW-trending dextral strike-slip,forming an east-west segmented and north-south zoned structural framework, with typical structural styles such as imbricate thrusts,structural triangles,pop-up structures and fault-related folds. Multiple phases of compression-extension transformation and mantle-derived magmatism jointly control the uranium source supply, reservoir development, fluid migration and uranium mineralization localization. The Paleocene-Eocene served as the major metallogenic period, while tectonic inversion during the Oligocene-Miocene governed ore body preservation conditions. Piedmont lithofacies transition zones and concealed ore bodies on the footwall of faults are the key prospecting targets for Mesozoic sandstone-type uranium deposits in the study area. In the upper Cenozoic strata was free from intense fault dissection and transformation, stable local monoclinal zones in piedmont areas represent the priority direction for future uranium exploration in new strata.
Stratigraphic division and analysis of metallogenic conditions of Sifangtai formation in Toutai area of northern Songliao basin
NIE Zhiyang ;GU Shefeng ;ZHOU Aihong ;In recent years, significant progress has been made in the exploration of sandstone-type uranium deposits in northern Songliao basin, with industrial-grade ore bodies successfully discovered in the Upper Cretaceous Sifangtai formation across the Central Sag and Western Slope. This discovery has brought new requirements for the stratigraphic division and lateral correlation of the Sifangtai formation. However,stratigraphic research in this area is currently seldom reported. Based on the exploration results of uranium deposits in northern Songliao Basin and oil and gas drilling,logging,seismic and other data from oil fields,this study systematically summarized the marker layers and key sequence boundaries of the Sifangtai formation, and determined a unified isochronous stratigraphic framework which can divided Sifangtai formation into three sections, and three positive cycles based on lithological and electrical characteristics,corresponding to three fourth-order cycles. On the basis of stratigraphic division and comparison,radioactive anomaly characteristics were compared based on well logging curves and core features, and it was clarified that the Sifangtai formation is the main ore bearing layer, and the bottom sand body is the host of uranium ores. The lower sandstone body of Sifangtai formation exhibits substantial thickness and stable distribution,providing favorable migration pathways and reservoir space for mineralizing fluids. Rich in mud and organic matter, the sandstone body serves as a reducing medium and adsorbent, creating favorable geological conditions for uranium mineralization and promising exploration prospects. This achievement not only provides critical stratigraphic evidence for Sifangtai formation but also offers robust theoretical support for the metallogenic prediction of sandstone-type uranium deposits in northern Songliao basin.
Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of quartz syenite from the Kyrgyzstan Kok uranium deposit in the northern Tian Shan
XIAO Cheng;In the Kyrgyz Northern Tian Shan(KNTS), two types of hydrothermal uranium deposits, namely volcanic-type and granite-type,have been identified. The volcanic-type uranium deposits are represented by the Almsinskoye deposits, whose orebodies are controlled by NE-trending faults and the contact zones between porphyry bodies and strata. The granite-type uranium deposit is typified by the Kok deposit, with orebodies hosted in Permian quartz syenite plutons and mainly controlled by intra-plutonic faults and fracture-altered alteration zones. This paper studied the the Kok uranium deposit by conducting petrological,lithogeochemical and isotopic geochronological analyses of the ore-hosting wall rocks. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution background,it briefly discussed the genetic type,source rock characteristics and formative tectonic setting of uranium-bearing granites,the characteristics of uranium mineralization,as well as the coupling relationship among plutons,structures,alterations and uranium mineralization. It was found that the ore-hosting wall rock was medium-coarse grained hornblende-bearing quartz syenite, belonging to metaluminous A-type granite which characterized by high silica and alkali contents,high potassium and low sodium abundances, high Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios, relative enrichment of light rare earth elements(LREEs) and relative depletion of heavy rare earth elements(HREEs) with LREE/HREE ratios > 5, weak negative Eu anomalies, and total Zr+Nb+Ce+Y concentrations > 350×10-6. In the pluton, the uranium content ranges from 10.6×10-6 to 11.2×10-6, thorium content from 58.0×10-6 to 66.1×10-6, and Th/U ratios from 5.46 to 5.88, which can provide a material source for uranium mineralization. Zircon U-Pb dating yields a weighted mean age of 297.2±0.7 Ma, indicating that the pluton formed in the regional post-collisional extensional tectonic setting during the Early Permian. The solidification product of felsic magma might be generated by partial melting of the Mesoproterozoic metamorphic basement, mixed with crustal materials in the post-collisional extensional-transtensional tectonic regime. Zircon Ti thermometer calculations yield temperatures of 796.7-805.4 ℃, and oxygen fugacities(lgfO2) range from-14.6 to-7.17 with an average of-11.4,displaying high-temperature and high-oxygen-fugacity features, which suggests a strong potential for supplying uranium sources. From the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian,the KNTS remained in a post-collisional extensional-transtensional setting with intense tectonic and magmatic activities. NW-trending and NE-trending faults developed along the nearly EW-trending regional structures, forming a series of meso-basic and meso-felsic intrusions, which laid a foundation for polymetallic and uranium mineralization. Uranium-rich granites provided the material basis, fault structures acted as fluid pathways and ore-hosting spaces, and fracture-altered zones created physicochemical conditions for the precipitation of uranium elements.
Hydrothermal alteration mapping and uranium prospectivity mapping based on GF-5 hyperspectral satellite data：a case study in the eastern Xuemisitan area，Xinjiang
WU Ding;ZHANG Chuan;MU Hongxu;XU Longxin;Hydrothermal alteration serves as one of the crucial indicators of hydrothermal activity and metallogenic processes. Based on GF-5 hyperspectral data，this study employs techniques such as Spectral Angle Mapper （SAM），Spectral Feature Fitting （SFF），and Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering （MTMF）to extract hydrothermal alteration and analyze alteration mineral assemblages in the volcanic rock area of the eastern Xuemisitan region，Xinjiang. On this basis，uranium prospecting target areas are predicted. The results indicate that the hydrothermal alteration in the eastern Xuemisitan region is predominantly sericitization （including high-，medium-，and low-aluminum sericite），followed by chloritization and the presence of iron oxides/hydroxides. Spatially，these alterations are mainly distributed along near-NW，near-EW，and NE trending structural belts，exhibiting banded，patchy，and locally superimposed patterns. The assemblage of high-aluminum sericite and iron oxides is primarily developed at fault intersections，volcanic rock fracture zones，and near the contact zones of certain intrusive rocks，reflecting relatively high-temperature and acidic hydrothermal metasomatism coupled with subsequent oxidation. Conversely，the sericite-chlorite assemblage is commonly found in intermediate to mafic volcanic host rocks，indicating medium- to low-temperature hydrothermal metasomatism. Integrating the metallogenic model，ore-controlling factors，and alteration characteristics of known uranium deposits within the Xuemisitan metallogenic belt，this study suggests that the eastern segment with the combination of high-，medium-，and low-aluminum sericite，chlorite，iron oxides/hydroxides，and structural intersections/volcanic-intrusive rock contact zones represents favorable metallogenic domains. Consequently，one key prospect area，two secondary prospect areas，and one general prospect area have been delineated. This research demonstrates that GF-5 hyperspectral data can provide an effective basis for hydrothermal alteration extraction and uranium prospecting prediction in the eastern Xuemisitan region.
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Study on the metallogenic environment and regional metallogenic pattern of sandstone-type uranium deposits along the China-Mongolia border
LIU Chiheng;CAI Yuqi;LIU Wusheng;LIU Zhengguo;REN Hong;ZHANG Yunlong;SUN Xiang;YANG Zhe;SONG Jiye;JIA Licheng;The China-Mongolia border and adjacent areas host a series of Late Mesozoic rift basins that constitute an important sandstone-type uranium province in Northeast Asia. To clarify the uneven distribution of uranium deposits，the differences in ore-bearing horizons，and the regional metallogenic controls，this study made a metallogenic comparisons of the Yin-Ejin，Erlian，East Gobi，and Hailar-Tamtsag basins within a unified tectonic framework. Seismic profiles，tectono-stratigraphic correlations，basement attributes，sedimentary systems，paleoclimate records，and representative deposits were integrated. The results showed that these basins formed in a wide rift system related to post-orogenic lithospheric extension，thinning，and gravitational collapse，and generally experienced syn-rift fault-depression subsidence followed by post-rift sag subsidence. Ancient basement and uranium-rich magmatic rocks provided the main uranium sources，whereas accretionary orogenic belts may also act as effective uranium source areas where local uranium-rich rocks were coupled with favorable depositional systems. Two regional metallogenic styles were recognized. Syn-rift fault-depression mineralization is controlled by proximal uranium sources，boundary faults，paleochannels，and fan-delta or fluvial sand bodies，but its scale is commonly limited by structural segmentation. Post-rift basin mineralization is controlled by regionally connected fluvial-deltaic sand bodies，stable groundwater flow systems，and redox fronts，and represents the main setting for large to super-large deposits. The end of Early Cretaceous climatic shift from relatively humid to semi-arid or arid conditions promoted uranium leaching，reducing-media formation，and oxidized uranium-bearing groundwater circulation. The spatial-temporal coupling of rift-basin structural transformation，sand-body connectivity，climatic transition，and preservation conditions is therefore the key control on large-scale uranium enrichment in the study area.
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Characteristics and prospecting significance of airborne radiometric anomalies in the central-western Erlian basin
CHEN Zhipeng;The central-western Erlian basin is an important area for sandstone-type uranium prospecting in northern China. Based on 1：50 000 airborne gamma-ray spectrometric data from the Mandula-Sonid Right Banner area，this study analyzes the regional airborne radiometric field，the distribution and genetic background of airborne radiometric anomalies，and their relationship with sandstone-type uranium prospecting. The HFU-34 anomaly is selected as a representative case for detailed analysis. The results show that the airborne radiometric field in the study area has clear zoning characteristics. The anomalies are mainly distributed north of the Chagannur-Naomugen-Benbate area and generally form a NNE-trending belt. A total of 46 airborne radiometric anomalies were selected，including 30 uranium anomalies and 16 thorium anomalies.According to their genetic background，these anomalies are related to Paleogene mudstone，Cretaceous mudstone or sandstone，Upper Jurassic volcanic rocks，granite，Lower Permian sedimentary-volcanic rocks，known uranium deposits or occurrences，and uncertain causes. The HFU-34 typical anomaly area is characterized by a relatively independent U anomaly on a low-K and low-Th background. The ground gamma total intensity，ground gamma-ray spectrometric U content，soil radon anomaly，and surface geological features show good spatial correspondence. The regional airborne radiometric anomalies are related to tectonic-lithologic conditions and favorable information for sandstone-type uranium prospecting. The HFU-34 anomaly area is closely associated with sandstone-type uranium prospecting and has value for further verification，providing a reference for the evaluation of airborne radiometric anomalies in shallow-covered areas of the central-western Erlian basin.
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Characteristics of faults and their implications for uranium prospecting in Hongqiao area，central Miao’er shan ore field
JIANG Zhenglin;LUO Yuanhong;YANG Haijun;LUO Qiaohua;WANG Jianwen;The Miao’ershan ore field in Guangxi is one of the important granite-type uranium deposits in South China， where ore bodies are strictly controlled by fault zones. Systematic field geological surveys were carried out in the Hongqiao area. Fracture stress analysis was conducted through joint statistical inversion of the tectonic stress fields of each tectonic stage；major faults within the study area were classified， and the fracture characteristics of each tectonic stage as well as their metallogenic effects were summarized. The results indicate that during the Caledonian orogeny，the area was controlled by southeast–northwest compressional stress，leading to the formation of the northeast-trending Miao’ershan composite intrusion. During the Indosinian orogeny，the regional stress field shifted to a near-north–south orientation. With continuous fault activity and crustal uplift，the rock deformation mechanism transitioned from ductile to brittle. During the Yanshanian stage，the regional stress field switched from a compressional tectonic regime to an extensional one. Uranium-bearing hydrothermal fluids migrated toward the intersections of multi-orientation faults，precipitated and concentrated at these structural sites， and ultimately formed uranium ore bodies.In terms of mineralization characteristics，large-scale primary fault zones generally fail to form ore deposits，while moderate-scale secondary faults act as the dominant mineral-hosting structures. Granitic uranium deposits in this study area are mainly controlled by third- and fourth-order fault structures. In addition，late-stage hydrothermal alteration exerts a prominent control on ore body thickness，and intense hydrothermal alteration can significantly increase ore body thickness. A comprehensive analysis indicates that structural domains characterized by intersecting multi-orientation faults，superimposed emplacement of ore-bearing hydrothermal veins and intense hydrothermal alteration possess excellent prospecting potential，which should be regarded as high-priority targets for further uranium exploration.
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Characteristics of sedimentary facies，reservoir，and uranium mineralization potential of the Wuyun formation in Xunke area，northern Heilongjiang province
LI Yan;ZHANG Zhi;LI Mingyang;LI Yang;GOU Jun;The geological research on uranium deposits in the Wuyun formation of Xunke area，Heilongjiang province，has been relatively limited. This study integrates field observations of outcrops and cores，high-quality well logging curve interpretation，thin-section analysis，cross-well profiles，and sedimentary facies analysis to summarize the sedimentary facies and reservoir characteristics of the Paleogene Wuyun formation in northern Xunke，Heilongjiang. The results indicate that the Xunke region is generally rich in uranium sources. The target Wuyun formation can be divided into upper and lower sections，both dominated by alluvial fan and braided river facies. Within each section，a thick sand body developed under braided river conditions exhibits extensive distribution，good connectivity，and strong secondary alteration，making it a favorable facies zone for uranium enrichment and mineralization. Based on comprehensive analyses of source rocks，lithology-facies，reservoirs，and secondary alteration，this study concludes that the Wuyun formation possesses favorable uranium source conditions and holds significant potential for uranium exploration.
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Geological disposal of high level radioactive waste in China:Progress during 1985～2004
WANG Ju, XU Guo-qing, ZHENG Hua-ling, FAN Xian-hua, WANG Cheng-zu, FAN Zhi-wen (Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100029, China; China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing 100822, China; China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China; Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering, Beijing 100084, China; China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China)Safe disposal of high level radioactive waste (HLW) is a challenging issue for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. The studies for the disposal of HLW in China started in 1985, the proposed goal was to build China's high level waste repository by mid-21st Century, while the waste to be disposed of will be vitrified waste, transuranic waste and small amount of spent fuel. The proposed repository was a shaft-tunnel-silo model hosted by granite in saturated zone. In the period of 1985 to 2004, progress was made in China's HLW disposal program. It was decided that "deep geological disposal" will be used to dispose of China s HLW, while the technical strategy for the development of repository will a 3-step strategy, that includes steps of site selection & site evaluation, construction of underground research laboratory, and construction of repository. Based on nation wide screening, the Beishan area, Cansu Province, northwestern China, located in Gobi desert area with few inhabitants, integral crust structure and favorable geological and hydrogeological conditions, was selected as the most potential area for China s repository. In early 1990 s, site selection for underground research laboratory was conducted, 2 sites in the suburb of Beijing were preliminarily selected as the potential sites for a " generic underground research laboratory" . It was determined to use bentonite as backfill material for the repository, while the bentonite from Gaomiaozi deposit in Inner Mongolia was selected as potential buffer and backfill material for China s repository. The studies on the mineralogical, geotechnical, physico-mechanical and thermal properties of the Gaomiaozi bentonite have been conducting. Some parameters such as sorption radio, diffusion coefficient and dispersion coefficient of radionuchdes (Np, Pu and Tc) in Beishan granite and bentonite have been obtained. A low-oxygen glove box and a device simulating the temperature, pressure and redox potential of repository have been established. China has also made progress in the studies of the chemical behaviour of some key radionuclides. Significant results obtained in natural analog studies such as radionuclide migration near the contact zone between granitic intrusions, transuranic radionuclide migration in uranium deposits, and corrosion of bronze ware. Literature investigations of source term codes, biosphere codes and total system performance assessment codes have been conducted. Conceptual design was only conducted in early 1990's. Since 1999, 2 technical cooperation projects with the International Atomic Energy Agency in the field of high level radioactive waste disposal have been conducting, which greatly enhanced our technical ability. All the technical researches during 1985 - 2004 provide good basis to fulfill the goal of constructing China's HLW repository in the middle of 21st century.
On the host rock for the geological repositories of high level radioactive waste
WANG Ju,XU Guo-qing,JIN Yuan-xin(Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)This paper introduces the host rock types for geological repositories of high level radioactive waste.The basic characteristics and engineering behaviors of granite,claystone,plastic clay,tuff and rock salt are also discussed.After presenting the advantages and the weakness of those rock types,comprehensive studies have shown that the geological repositories hosted by granite and claystone are able to meet the long-term safety requirements.According to the distribution of granite,claystone,tuff,rock salt and loess in China,it is proposed that granite is the proper host rock type for China's geological repositories and it should be considered as the main host rock.However,the possibility of clay formation with large thickness and gentle dipping angles as host rock is also discussed.
Determination of stable isotope composition in uranium geological samples
LIU Han-bin;JIN Gui-shan;LI Jun-jie;HAN Juan;ZHANG Jian-feng;ZHANG Jia;ZHONG Fang-wen;GUO Dong-qiao;Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology;This article describes the type and quantity of uranium geological samples,offline and online test methods for C,H,O,S,Si stable isotopic composition.When stable isotope is used to study genesis of rocks and mineral and source of material,the sample should be selected without late reformation and right amount of minerals or rocks.When mineral pairs are used to study temperature of diagenesis and mineralization,the sample must be of the same era and symbiotic minerals,which are fresh and without late reformation.Offline method to analyze the isotopic composition include following test types: oxygen in the water of oxygen-containing mineral inclusions,silicates,oxides,sulfate,sulfur in sulfide,sulfate and rocks,carbon and oxygen in carbonate minerals,carbon in inclusions of no carbon minerals,silicon in silicate or silicon-containing minerals.The online method to analyze the isotopic composition include following types: hydrogen in quartz inclusions,hydrogen and oxygen in water,carbon and oxygen in carbonate,carbonate cements,carbon in dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC),carbon and nitrogen in organic matter,nitrogen in nitrate of water,carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbon samples.
Review on artificial neural networks and their applications in geoscience
WANG Liangyu;ZHANG Minglin;ZHU Hongtao;LIU Yang;Artificial neural network (ANN) is an information processing system that imitates the structure and function of human brain neural networks,which is an abstract mathematical model for distributed and parallel information processing. It has been successfully applied in many scientific fields. In the field of geoscience,artificial neural network was first applied to geophysical inversion problems,and then gradually expanded to other fields. This paper briefly introduced the development process, basic characteristics and models of artificial neural network,and made a simple comparison of artificial neural network models commonly used in the field of geosciences. In addition,this paper also discussed the application characteristics of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience,and summarized the main applications of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience in recent years,focusing on the application of discriminant classification,pattern recognition,evaluation and prediction,and information data processing. Combined with the actual characteristics of geoscience and the emergence of a large number of optimization theories and technologies in the field of artificial intelligence,this paper also analyzed that the application of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience will gradually present a trend of integration of various technologies and deep learning,and the application effect in the field of geoscience will be increasingly significant.
Site Selection of Underground Research Laboratory for Geological Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste in China
WANG Ju;SU Rui;CHEN Liang;ZHAO Honggang;ZHOU Zhichao;ZHAO Xingguang;The construction project of an underground research laboratory (URL) for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) has been listed as a key national project in the 13thFive-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development in China. This paper introduces the overall consideration,siting criteria, site characteristics, qualitative and quantitative site comparison methods, the comparison process and the final result for the site selection of China's first URL for geological disposal.The first URL of China is considered to be a “3rdGeneration URL”,i.e.“Aera-specific URL”. Based on this concept,9 candidate sites,including West Jiujing,Xinchang,Shazhaoyuan,Suanjingzi,Yamansu,East Tianhu,Aqishan 1,Tamusu and Nuorigong,have been first selected from the 3regions (Beishan of Gansu,Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang Preselected Regions). Then,the following characteristics,including geological conditions,future natural change,hydrogeological conditions,human activities,construction and engineering conditions,environment protection conditions,land use, socio-economic and human conditions,of those 9 sites are comprehensively compared,resulting in that 4 potential sites,i.e. Xinchang,Shazhaoyuan,Nuorigong and Yamansu,are further selected.With the agreement of local government,followed by national level expert consultation,the Xinchang site,located in Beishan,Gansu,NW China is finally selected and confirmed as the site for China’s first URL for geological disposal of HLW. Based on the data from Xinchang site,the engineering design of the URL has been completed,while the construction of the URL was officially started in June2021.
Review on artificial neural networks and their applications in geoscience
WANG Liangyu;ZHANG Minglin;ZHU Hongtao;LIU Yang;Artificial neural network (ANN) is an information processing system that imitates the structure and function of human brain neural networks,which is an abstract mathematical model for distributed and parallel information processing. It has been successfully applied in many scientific fields. In the field of geoscience,artificial neural network was first applied to geophysical inversion problems,and then gradually expanded to other fields. This paper briefly introduced the development process, basic characteristics and models of artificial neural network,and made a simple comparison of artificial neural network models commonly used in the field of geosciences. In addition,this paper also discussed the application characteristics of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience,and summarized the main applications of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience in recent years,focusing on the application of discriminant classification,pattern recognition,evaluation and prediction,and information data processing. Combined with the actual characteristics of geoscience and the emergence of a large number of optimization theories and technologies in the field of artificial intelligence,this paper also analyzed that the application of artificial neural networks in the field of geoscience will gradually present a trend of integration of various technologies and deep learning,and the application effect in the field of geoscience will be increasingly significant.
Geological disposal of high level radioactive waste in China:Progress during 1985～2004
WANG Ju, XU Guo-qing, ZHENG Hua-ling, FAN Xian-hua, WANG Cheng-zu, FAN Zhi-wen (Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100029, China; China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing 100822, China; China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China; Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering, Beijing 100084, China; China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China)Safe disposal of high level radioactive waste (HLW) is a challenging issue for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. The studies for the disposal of HLW in China started in 1985, the proposed goal was to build China's high level waste repository by mid-21st Century, while the waste to be disposed of will be vitrified waste, transuranic waste and small amount of spent fuel. The proposed repository was a shaft-tunnel-silo model hosted by granite in saturated zone. In the period of 1985 to 2004, progress was made in China's HLW disposal program. It was decided that "deep geological disposal" will be used to dispose of China s HLW, while the technical strategy for the development of repository will a 3-step strategy, that includes steps of site selection & site evaluation, construction of underground research laboratory, and construction of repository. Based on nation wide screening, the Beishan area, Cansu Province, northwestern China, located in Gobi desert area with few inhabitants, integral crust structure and favorable geological and hydrogeological conditions, was selected as the most potential area for China s repository. In early 1990 s, site selection for underground research laboratory was conducted, 2 sites in the suburb of Beijing were preliminarily selected as the potential sites for a " generic underground research laboratory" . It was determined to use bentonite as backfill material for the repository, while the bentonite from Gaomiaozi deposit in Inner Mongolia was selected as potential buffer and backfill material for China s repository. The studies on the mineralogical, geotechnical, physico-mechanical and thermal properties of the Gaomiaozi bentonite have been conducting. Some parameters such as sorption radio, diffusion coefficient and dispersion coefficient of radionuchdes (Np, Pu and Tc) in Beishan granite and bentonite have been obtained. A low-oxygen glove box and a device simulating the temperature, pressure and redox potential of repository have been established. China has also made progress in the studies of the chemical behaviour of some key radionuclides. Significant results obtained in natural analog studies such as radionuclide migration near the contact zone between granitic intrusions, transuranic radionuclide migration in uranium deposits, and corrosion of bronze ware. Literature investigations of source term codes, biosphere codes and total system performance assessment codes have been conducted. Conceptual design was only conducted in early 1990's. Since 1999, 2 technical cooperation projects with the International Atomic Energy Agency in the field of high level radioactive waste disposal have been conducting, which greatly enhanced our technical ability. All the technical researches during 1985 - 2004 provide good basis to fulfill the goal of constructing China's HLW repository in the middle of 21st century.
The application of laser Raman microprobe to the study of fluid inclusion
ZHANG Min,ZHANG Jian-feng,LI Lin-qiang,QIU Lin-fei(Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)Laser Raman microprobe is a micro-analytical technique for determining molecular components without destroy.Based on the introduction of working principle and analysis method of LRM,this paper expatiates on its application to the study of composition analysis,salinity and pressure of single fluid inclusion.The research further shows that LRM can not only qualitatively analyze the component of different phases of single fluid inclusions in different ages,but also can quantitatively determine some relative components,salinity and pressure of fluid inclusion.Some limitation and shortage of LRM in the research of micro-analysis are also summarized.
Review on the numerical simulation of seepage of bedrock fissure water
WANG Hai-long (CNNC Key Laboratory on Geological Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste, Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)The permeability law of fissure water in bedrock is quite different to traditional porous media permeability law.The groundwater flow in fractured pluton is heterogenous,anisotropy and discontinuity,how to outline these characteristics is the keypoint and difficulty in the numerical simulation of fissure water.It is introduced that the groundwater permeating characteristics of the fractured pluton,analyzes the current fissure water permeating models,and introduces the numerical calculation methods and mainstream numerical simulation software.
Status and prospect of hyperspectral remote sensing technique in rock and mineral identification
PEI Cheng-kai,FU Jin (Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,Beijing 100029,China)Hyperspectral remote sensing technology (including physical principle of rock and mineral identification,abstracted spectral parameters,hyperspectral data processing and analysis technology) is first introduced and then measuring apparatus is also briefly introduced in the paper. At last,the present status and prospect of hyperspectral technique in the application of resources exploration is discussed.
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